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hi my name is max collins from the

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university of hong kong and today i'll

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be presenting on the rocky 3d model and

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application to saturn's main titan

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developed by the gutter institute for

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space studies this is in the very early

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stages so i'll be covering some of the

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background for the research as well as

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what i'm currently working on

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i'd like to give a special thanks to

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michael wayne for owlnova giss we're

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putting up with mindsets and emailing

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so before we dive in i'll give a quick

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overview of titan

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titan is one of the most earth-like

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bodies in our solar system with

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substantial nitrogen atmosphere

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containing about five percent methane

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and

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surface pressure around 1.45 atmospheres

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it's often characterized by this orange

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shades

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seen here produced through stratospheric

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organic photochemistry

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it has an active weather system

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comparable to earth's hydrological cycle

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with methane and ethane

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as the main condensable constituents and

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stable surface liquid with a temperature

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at the triple point of methane

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so titan's circulation is dominated by a

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strong seasonal cycle driven by

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differential heating

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creating a virtually global heavy cell

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circulation

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heat meridianally

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homogenizing the temperature of the

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choker spirit meaning it's more

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sensitive to solar radiative

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imbalances than localized effects this

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seasonal variation is caused by sun's

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ability with a period of 29.5 years

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during northern summer the high solar

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insulation produces atmospheric

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upwelling causing methane cloud

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formation and precipitation through the

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rapid cooling of air parcels

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so lower the latitudes consistently

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receive more insulation than higher

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latitudes

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with the net heating near the equator in

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response to this radiative imbalance the

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atmospheric circulation acts to

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transport heat towards the

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colder polar regions to reach

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equilibrium which results in low

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titan's atmospheric circulation acts to

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redistribute methane triangle

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latitudes and delivering moisture to the

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poles a fundamental

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diver of this methane cycle is the

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humidity of the troposphere

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and so the huen's gas chromatograph max

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spectrometer demonstrated the relative

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humidity to be 100

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from 40 kilometers down to eight

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kilometers with a constant mixing ratio

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below

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indicating a well mixed and subsaturated

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lower troposphere

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the depletion of methane through

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photolysis and subsequent hydrogen

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escape would severely limit the

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long-term methane cycle

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and so it must be recharged through some

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mechanism and methane would then cycle

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from pool to pole residing at high

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latitudes and lakes

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when equatorial humidity is high enough

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convective storms at low latitudes are

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possible

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playing a role in carving fluvial

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features

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so today we'll be focusing mainly on the

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surface hydrocarbon reservoirs found in

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titan's polar regions

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including several large seas and many

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smaller lake features occurring at

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northern high latitudes

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radar measurements from the jmra the

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second largest sea suggests a liquid

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composition of nearly pure methane

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implying these lakes interact with the

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atmosphere

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and are linked to the weather and

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climate systems titan's south pole

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contains fewer lakes but still shows

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many

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like features such as ontario

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so both polar regions also appear to

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feature empty and partially filled

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basins suggesting geologically recent

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surface exposures

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of liquid or saturated soils original

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service features suggested that liquid

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flow including channels and floodplains

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have also been identified

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at many different latitudes including

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the equatorial labyrinth regions

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it's possible that at least some of

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these could be the remnants of a wetter

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so all of these lakes are restricted to

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latitudes polar 55 degrees

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and cover 1.5 percent of titan's

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observed surface

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dark lake regions cover 10 percent of

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the area in the northern polar region

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but only 0.4 percent in the southern

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the seasonal psycho cycle of polar

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precipitation is a sequence of winter

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time mid-level tropospheric drying

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from descending dry air in the highway

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circulation followed by

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warming and moistening of low-level air

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as the spring pole becomes illuminated

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and moistening of the mid-level

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troposphere by deep convection over the

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summer pole both cassini

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and ground-based observations detected

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tropospheric cloud activity at southern

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mid-latitudes

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as well as cloudiness over the pole this

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suggests the threats of high moisture

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content

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precipitation and sustained surface

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liquids

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this is a global mosaic of titan's

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surface brightness from cassini imaging

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science subsystem or

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iss which shows the distribution of

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titan's landforms

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as you can see persistent with custom

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features include filled lakes near the

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polar

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regions and dark areas some partially

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filled regions

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remain radar dark relative to their

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surroundings but shown an increase in

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backscatter

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that can't be explained by incidence

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angle variations using common scattering

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models

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so this is still a topic of debate and

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could be the definition of organic

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debris

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or complex porous nitriles periods in

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the wind

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so these are the major c's which contain

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80 of the observed liquid-filled surface

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area and fill northern polar basins

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roughly

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between 50 and 100 degrees east northern

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regional variation can be explained by

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changes in observational geometry and

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complex in contrast to southern

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ephemeral features

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while much smaller lakes also ex exist

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elsewhere it tightens north pole these

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primary large features dominate and

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coincide with some of titan's

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large-scale topographic depression

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um this is a tsar mosaic of titan south

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polar region from 90 to 55 degrees south

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for september 2005

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through january 2010 the three areas

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which include ephemeral features are

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outlined in red

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titan's south polar region was in summer

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during assignment expected to be in a

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state of volatile evaporation

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these ephemeral lakes are found

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virtually only in the southern region

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and may be due to surface changes

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including liquid evaporation

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infiltration freezing wave activity and

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cryovolcanism

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ephemeral feature loss rates are also

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consistent with predominantly methane

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composition

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uh three classes of lakes have been

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identified empty lakes

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uh partially filled lakes and dark or

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liquid filled lakes based on the

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microwave reflectivity of site

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titan's surface using the normalized

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backscatter cross-section which is a

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non-dimensional quantity that describes

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received radar power as compared to an

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this figure shows an equidistant

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cylindrical projection of ontario lackis

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which is the largest lake in the

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southern region the lake border from the

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2005 iss image is shown in cyan

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while the 2009 sar border is blue figure

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a and is an iss image attained

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in june 2005 and the iss shoreline is

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defined by following a constant contour

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of relative brightness

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reference to a local offshore pixel

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intensity figure b is a star image

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obtained in june

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and july 2009 the altimetry shows a

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smooth and specular surface with 20

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kilometers

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recession of the southern shoreline

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between the iss and radar images

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a near shore the symmetry map was

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derived in haze at

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all suggesting an average depth change

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of four meters consistent with an

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average loss rate

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of one meter during the four years

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between observations

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the tide is not a dominant contributor

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to the observed change in depth as there

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are no variations in the magnitude with

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the north-south distance from the center

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of mass

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and if the main process of depth changes

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that operation the lake would have to

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contain a high methane fraction as

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ethane would impede methane evaporation

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so shoreline surface changes indicate

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local hydraulic conductivity combined

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with weather patterns and low-level

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humidity measurements and plyomethane

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reservoirs in excess of observed surface

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liquids

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titan's hydroclimate appears to be

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especially driven by large-scale

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topography

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seen through active drainage erosional

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modification

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saturated sediments and seemingly stable

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polar lacustrine features

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this evidence suggests that the presence

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of subsurface methane

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in contact with global climate system

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this may be through a continuous

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connected methane table

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intersecting with the surface expressed

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through polar lakes and seas

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the atmosphere deposits methane into the

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low latitudes to be infiltrated while

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surface and subsurface transport routes

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methane into high latitude basins which

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then feed the atmospheric moisture

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this subsurface transport occurs through

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lateral flow

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of fluid and aquifers dominantly through

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fractures and depending on

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active aquifer thickness hydraulic

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conductivity porosity

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and the hydraulic gradient

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this is the distribution of surface

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liquid methane averaged over the final

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20 titan years of each stimulation by

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faulk at all

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the hydraulic conductivity k of the

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surface is shown for each case

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and corresponds to different

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permeabilities subsurface transport is

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dependent on hydraulic conductivity

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which describes the ability of liquid

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through pore space and depends on the

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permeability of the porous medium

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liquid density gravity and dynamic

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because of viscosity

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soil types are currently poorly

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constrained and flow is modeled using

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so result suggests the subsurface

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methane reservoir more massive than the

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observed seeds interacting

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with the atmosphere and participating in

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the methane cycle

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model results implies unobserved methane

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reservoir participates in titan's

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methane cycle

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best model with a hydraulic conductivity

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of five times ten to the negative fifth

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although this still does not explain the

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distribution of small lakes which may be

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due to the influence of topography or

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regional surface variation on the

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atmosphere

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the model i'm currently using is the

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resolving orbital and climate keys of

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earth

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and extraterrestrial environments with

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dynamics a three-dimensional

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gcm developed at the giss for modeling

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extraterrestrial uh planets

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and it's an ongoing effort to handle a

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broad range of atmospheric conditions as

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well as diverse

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oceans land distributions and

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so this is just a basic overview of the

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land hydrology

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in rocky 3d and i'm currently working to

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adapt this to titan landscape

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and climate through parameterization of

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constants such as emissivity albedo

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thermodynamics and soil properties to

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accurately represent subsurface

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transport throughout conifers

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or what we confer about future work

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may include modeling the influence of

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changing orbital forcing on the

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asymmetry type surface

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and subsurface flow including

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topographic influence

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spatially dependent soil parameters and

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surface evolution

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and models such as these can help

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constrain key properties and processes

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uh useful in preparation for future

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institute

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exploration of titans such as with